This elimination of diverse opinions contributes to faulty decision by the group. There have been several instances of groupthink in the U. One example occurred when the United States led a small coalition of nations to invade Iraq in March This invasion occurred because a small group of advisors and former President George W.
Bush were convinced that Iraq represented a significant terrorism threat with a large stockpile of weapons of mass destruction at its disposal. Although some of these individuals may have had some doubts about the credibility of the information available to them at the time, in the end, the group arrived at a consensus that Iraq had weapons of mass destruction and represented a significant threat to national security. It later came to light that Iraq did not have weapons of mass destruction, but not until the invasion was well underway.
As a result, American soldiers were killed and many more civilians died. How did the Bush administration arrive at their conclusions? Do you see evidence of groupthink? Why does groupthink occur? There are several causes of groupthink, which makes it preventable. When the group is highly cohesive, or has a strong sense of connection, maintaining group harmony may become more important to the group than making sound decisions.
If the group leader is directive and makes his opinions known, this may discourage group members from disagreeing with the leader. If the group is isolated from hearing alternative or new viewpoints, groupthink may be more likely. How do you know when groupthink is occurring?
Factors that influence obedience and conformity. Social facilitation and social loafing. Agents of socialization. Practice: Socialization questions. Next lesson. Current timeTotal duration Google Classroom Facebook Twitter.
Video transcript Voiceover: So Social Psychology is the study of how individuals think, feel, and behave in social interactions. You probably know intuitively that when individuals are in groups, they may act very differently than when they are alone. And if you ever wondered why, let's talk about some group processes. And some of the ways that people change their behavior in social situations. So the first group process that we'll review today is conformity.
So conformity. Now, this won't be the first time you've heard about conformity. You've probably just known it by another name, peer pressure. And conformity is a tendency for people to bring their behavior in line with group norms. And it's a powerful in social situations. We use social situations, especially ones with peers, to determine what's acceptable, to question standards and authorities, and get feedback on behaviors. So it is important, especially for younger folks, to have positive peers, because if the group's behavior is positive, then it can lead to peace, harmony, and happiness.
But if the group's behavior is negative, it can be catastrophic. So, when behaviors are negative or wrong, why do people still conform to group norms? R Soc Open Sci. Rose JD. Diverse perspectives on the groupthink theory - A literary review. Emerging Leadership Journeys. Gokar H. Groupthink principles and fundamentals in organizations. Interdisciplinary Journal of Contemporary Research in Business. Janis IL.
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I Accept Show Purposes. Table of Contents View All. Table of Contents. What Is Groupthink? How It Works. Impact of Groupthink. Potential Pitfalls. Tips for Avoiding Groupthink. Lieberman, J. The utility of scientific jury selection: Still murky after 30 years. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 20 1 , 48— MacCoun, R. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 54 1 , 21— Mackie, D.
Social identification effects in group polarization. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 50 4 , — Attitude polarization: Effects of group membership. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 46 , u— Matusitz, J. An examination of pack journalism as a form of groupthink: A theoretical and qualitative analysis. McCauley, C. Terrorist individuals and terrorist groups: The normal psychology of extreme behavior.
Goldstein Eds. Sevilla, Spain: Universidad de Sevilla. Mesmer-Magnus, J. A meta-analytic investigation of virtuality and information sharing in teams. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 2 , — Mojzisch, A. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 98 5 , — Morrow, K. Bias in the counseling process: How to recognize and avoid it. Journal of Counseling and Development, 70, Myers, D.
Polarizing effects of social interaction. Brandstatter, J. Stocher-Kreichgauer Eds. Discussion effects on racial attitudes. Science, , — Group-induced polarization in simulated juries. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 2 1 , 63— Najdowski, C. Jurors and social loafing: Factors that reduce participation during jury deliberations. American Journal of Forensic Psychology, 28 2 , 39— Paulus, P.
Social influence processes in group brainstorming. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 64 4 , — Redding, R. Likes attract: The sociopolitical groupthink of social psychologists. Perspectives On Psychological Science , 7 5 , Reimer, T. Decision-making groups attenuate the discussion bias in favor of shared information: A meta-analysis.
Communication Monographs, 77 1 , — Human Communication Research, 36 3 , — Stasser, G. The social psychology of jury deliberations: Structure, process and product.
Bray Eds. Discovery of hidden profiles by decision-making groups: Solving a problem versus making a judgment. Speaking turns in face-to-face discussions. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 60, — Information sampling in structured and unstructured discussions of three- and six-person groups. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 57 1 , 67— Pooling of unshared information in group decision making: Biased information sampling during discussion.
Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 48 6 , — Stein, M. Methods to stimulate creative thinking. Psychiatric Annals, 8 3 , 65— Stoner, J. Risky and cautious shifts in group decisions: The influence of widely held values. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 4 , — Stroebe, W. Why groups are less effective than their members: On productivity losses in idea-generating groups.
European Review of Social Psychology, 5 , — Valacich, J. A conceptual framework of anonymity in group support systems. Group Decision and Negotiation, 1 3 , — Van Swol, L. Extreme members and group polarization. Social Influence, 4 3 , — Vinokur, A. Novel argumentation and attitude change: The case of polarization following group discussion. European Journal of Social Psychology, 8 3 , — Watson, G.
Do groups think more effectively than individuals? Murphy Eds. New York: Harper. Winter, R. Questions about the jury: What trial consultants should know about jury decision making. Bornstein Eds. Wittenbaum, G. Small Group Research, 29 1 , 57— Zhu, H. Group polarization on corporate boards: Theory and evidence on board decisions about acquisition premiums, executive compensation, and diversification.
Doctoral dissertation. University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan. Ziller, R. Group size: A determinant of the quality and stability of group decision. Sociometry, 20, Rajiv Jhangiani and Dr. Skip to content Working Groups: Performance and Decision Making.
Explain factors that can lead to process gain in group versus individual decision making. Explain how groupthink can harm effective group decision making. Outline the ways that lack of information sharing can reduced decision-making quality in group contexts.
Explain why brainstorming can often be counterproductive to sound decision making in groups. Describe how group polarization can lead groups to make more extreme decisions than individuals.
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